Devaluaciones en América Latina (1993-2023): un estudio de su efecto en el PIB a partir de estimadores de paneles dinámicos heterogéneos

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52292/j.estudecon.2026.5468

Palabras clave:

Devaluaciones, América Latina, paneles dinámicos, heterogeneidad

Resumen

Utilizando un panel de 20 países de la región con datos trimestrales para el periodo 1993-2023, se estimó el efecto del tipo de cambio real y nominal sobre el producto con los estimadores pooled mean group (PMG) y mean group (MG). Aplicando el test de Pesaran-Yamagata, se detectó heterogeneidad en el coeficiente de las pendientes individuales, con lo cual MG se consideró el estimador preferido. Dada la existencia de dependencia transversal, se estimó MG y PMG controlando por la misma. Utilizando MG con control por dependencia transversal, al cual consideramos el mejor estimador, se encuentra que, para la región, el efecto de corto plazo del tipo de cambio real es positivo, aunque se encuentran impactos heterogéneos al interior de la muestra. Entre los que existe un efecto negativo y significativo se encuentra Argentina y Venezuela mientras que en Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Jamaica, México, Paraguay y Uruguay el efecto es negativo aunque no significativo. En cuanto al efecto de largo plazo, se ve un impacto negativo en general. En cuanto al tipo de cambio nominal, el efecto de corto plazo es negativo pero no significativo para la región. Al analizar por país, se encuentra que es negativo y significativo en Argentina y Venezuela, en el primer caso aun controlando por consumo del gobierno. En casi todos los países se encuentra que el efecto es negativo aunque no significativo. En cuanto al efecto de largo plazo, al igual que con el tipo de cambio real, también se observa un impacto negativo en general. La implicancia de estos hallazgos es que las devaluaciones no deben ser aplicadas indistintamente como política cambiaria en cualquier país de la región ya que operan diversos mecanismos de transmisión con efectos contrapuestos, sino sólo en aquellos países donde se encuentra un efecto expansivo neto.

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Publicado

2026-01-05

Cómo citar

Salles, A. ., & Bertholet, N. (2026). Devaluaciones en América Latina (1993-2023): un estudio de su efecto en el PIB a partir de estimadores de paneles dinámicos heterogéneos. Estudios económicos, 43(86), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.52292/j.estudecon.2026.5468