Income level and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazil

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52292/j.estudecon.2026.5357

Keywords:

Income level, vaccine hesitancy, covid-19, probit, Brazil

Abstract

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination has emerged as the main strategy to curb the spread of the virus, although vaccine hesitancy has been observed worldwide. This study examines the relationship between income level and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazil, using the ownership of specific assets as proxies for income. To this end, a Probit model was estimated based on World Bank survey data collected between June and October 2021. The results reveal an inverse relationship between income level—particularly the ownership of cars, motorcycles, and a landline—and vaccine hesitancy.

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Published

2026-01-05

How to Cite

Santos Souza, A. F., & Camargos Teixeira, E. . (2026). Income level and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazil. Estudios económicos, 43(86), 126–147. https://doi.org/10.52292/j.estudecon.2026.5357